Interfacing relay with Arduino

In this quick Arduino tutorial I will explain how you can control a relay using the Arduino Board, one 1K and one 10K resistors, 1 BC547 transistor, one 6V or 12V relay, one 1N4007 diode and a 12V fan. When the button is pressed the fan will turn ON and will remain in this state until the button is pressed again.

Schematic 

Working

When the button is pressed the Arduino board will put pin 2 in HIGH state, meaning 5V on pin 2. This voltage is used to drive the transistor that will switch ON the relay and the load (in our case the fan) will be powered from the main power supply.

You cannot use the 5V from the USB to power up the transistor and the LOAD because the USB port usually delivers only 100mA, and this is not enough to switch the relay and the LOAD. That is why you must use an external power supply (Vcc) that is between 7 to 12 volts to power up the Arduino board and the transistor + relay. The load uses its own power supply, for instance if you use a light bulb then you might connect it to the 110/220V mains or any other power source.

Code

int pinButton = 8;
int Relay = 2;
int stateRelay = LOW;
int stateButton;
int previous = LOW;
long time = 0;
long debounce = 500;

void setup() {
  pinMode(pinButton, INPUT);
  pinMode(Relay, OUTPUT);
}

void loop() {
  stateButton = digitalRead(pinButton);  
  if(stateButton == HIGH && previous == LOW && millis() - time > debounce) {
    if(stateRelay == HIGH){
      stateRelay = LOW; 
    } else {
       stateRelay = HIGH; 
    }
    time = millis();
  }
  digitalWrite(Relay, stateRelay);
  previous == stateButton;
}

#### DO NOT connect in any ways the main power supply that drive the LOAD to the arduino and transistor circuitry!  ######